Listen to some beautiful Santa Cruz music while you read. Just click on the video of Piraí Vaca playing "Alma Cruceña" at the bottom of this page. I'm sure you'll love it!
The Department of Santa Cruz makes up almost the entire Eastern and Southeastern section of
Bolivia
and is the largest of the country's nine departments (equivalent to "states" in the U.S. or "provinces" in Canada). It borders Brazil to the East and Paraguay to the South and is mostly tropical and sub-tropical containing parts of the Amazon basin and rainforest to the North, desert-dry forest savannahs to the South, and the temperate foothills of the Andes Mountain range to the West. You can truly enjoy any type of topography or climate somewhere in the department.
Here, agriculture, animal husbandry and cattle ranching are the main industries, as are timber, mining, and exploration for oil and natural gas. Tourism has not been promoted as actively here as in Western Andean Bolivia and this is surprising given the amazing array of wonderful attractions, the beautiful balmy climate, and the hospitality of its people who are playfully known as "cambas" (a Guaraní word that means "friend"). However, tourist infrastructure is rapidly growing and there are many types of
accommodations
such as beautiful tropical hotels for visitors.
The city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra is located in the western section of the Department of Santa Cruz and is its capital city. Situated at the foot of the sierras where the Andes Mountain Range begins to rise off the tropical forest floor, its location is part of its name (Holy Cross of the Sierra). According to the latest census, it has over 1.5 million inhabitants and is currently the largest city in Bolivia.
This is an amazing fact, especially since I can remember just 5 years ago (in 2002) when CITIZEN ONE MILLION was born and a huge deal was made out of the fact that the city had reach one million. This means that the city's population has grown by 500,000 in just 5 YEARS! Once people get here, they just don't want to leave.
At 416 meters above sea level, it is warm and tropical most of the year. Winters are short and last only 2-3 months but can get very cold very suddenly. "Surazos" (southerly winds that blow in from Argentina) can drop the temperature by as much as 30 degrees overnight. Not to worry, this extreme cold lasts only a few days at a time and beautiful, sub-tropical Santa Cruz is pleasant throughout most of the year. Here the climate varies by geographical zone: temperate to cold in the western sierras and warm to hot and humid as one descends into the extensive plains.
The city was initially established in 1561 on the plains of Grigotá, just a few miles south of present-day San José de Chiquitos (and about 200 kilometers from its present location) by Spanish Captain Ñuflo de Chávez, who named the city after his birthplace in Spain. His biggest legacy was the expansion of colonization throughout virgin rainforest and savanna areas in southeastern South America (Argentina, Uruguay, parts of Brazil, and Bolivia).
The Spanish attempted to convert several groups of native peoples in the immediate area to Catholicism; the Guarani, Moxeños, Chiquitanos, Guarayos and Chiriguanos are a few of these groups. There were some problems with parts of the indigenous population (they revolted in 1953 and destroyed much of the town) and Santa Cruz was resettled near the shores of the Rio Grande. However, conditions were not the most adequate there either and so the city was moved again to its present location of the banks of the Piraí River in 1592. (At the time of course, its population numbered less than 10,000). Today, you can still visit the original site of its establishment which is called "Santa Cruz la Vieja".
In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries it was considered a border town as it was surrounded by indigenous groups and was a hub for expeditions by missionaries from the Jesuit and other Catholic orders passing through on their way to the Moxos and Chiquitos regions where they established and built churches.
Through the 1950’s it was still considered a small, marginal city with a population of only 25,000. However, in the early 60’s, with the development of the nation's
transportation
infrastructure, highways and railroads Santa Cruz saw its economy boom as it became integrated with national and international markets.
Less than 50 years later, it had become the largest city in the country. Today Santa Cruz is modern and prosperous and Bolivia’s financial center. It is quickly becoming the most developed region of Bolivia and currently supplies over 30% of the country's Gross National Product.
Demographically, it is one of the fastest growing regions in South America and economically is Bolivia’s most important region due to the expansion of its agricultural and
tourism
industries. The department's economy was greatly bolstered by the capitalization of the petroleum and gas industry in 1997. However, the industry was again nationalized in 2006 under President Evo Morales and both investment and production have since decreased.
Because it supplies such as large part of the country's GNP, the Department of Santa Cruz is leading a movement to pressure the national government to allow each department to be autonomous, in order to govern certain aspects of its own development. Several other departments (Pando and Beni to the North and Tarija to the South - all tropical and subtropical, or oil producing regions) have joined Santa Cruz in applying pressure. Naturally, this has been met with resistance from the central government and the other 5 departments that occupy the western half of the country.
Other main major industries in the Department are agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and mining. The department produces cotton, sugar cane, tobacco, soybeans, rice, vanilla, coffee, sunflowers, cacao, peanuts, yucca (manioc), Brazil nuts, and many citrus and tropical fruits and vegetables. Oak, mahogany, and a variety of unusual and beautiful tropical woods such as tajibo and tarara can be found in Bolivia’s eastern forests.
Bolivian and foreign companies have invested greatly in large forest concessions and the lumber industry exports to North America, Europe, Asia, as well as neighboring Latin American countries. Furniture, parquet flooring, windows, doors, moldings, and other finished products are also exported. Brazil nuts and hearts of palm, extracted from these same forests, are now also large industries in Eastern Bolivia.
One of the major areas of
business
and investment in Bolivia is animal husbandry and the quality and number of heads of cattle have both increased dramatically. Breeding cattle have also been introduced such as Cebú, Holsteins, and Santa Gertrudes, all of which have adapted well to the tropics of Eastern Bolivia. Pigs, sheep and horses are also bred very successfully.
In the Southeast there are several mines, such as the Mutún iron and manganese mine (one of the largest iron ore mines in the world) which produces over 100,000 tons of steel per year. The Colorado River is mined intensively for gold, and in the Chiquitos area there are mica, tin, silver, manganese, platinum, lead and gold mines as well. Other gems such as the ‘bolivianita’ (found in only one mine in the world and therefore unique to Bolivia - pictured here), emeralds, quartz, and ametrine are also mined here.
The area's transformation into a major economic hub began in 1953 with the National Agrarian Reform during which time the national government invested heavily to modernize technology and improve agricultural and industrial production systems to diversify and increase production. In addition, construction of major highways and railroads, and Viru Viru International Airport through and in Santa Cruz connected the city to other regions of Bolivia and neighboring countries such as Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina. Thus the region became much more attractive to both national and foreign investors and as a result, migration to the region increased as well: 45% of all imports into Bolivia enter through Santa Cruz.
Some of the ethnic groups native to the Department of Santa Cruz, mainly from the tropical forests and other impenetrable regions, are the Guarayos, Guaraní, Sirionós, Chiquitanos, Chamacocos, Zamucos, Lenguas, Tapietes, and Yuacarés, among many others. Not native to the region, but increasing in presence due to immigration are the Aymará and Quechua populations which have migrated to the city in record numbers over the past 10 years. The remaining population is of Spanish descent and there are large communities of foreigners as well.
“Cruceños” are generally easy going, hospitable, warm and inviting, but are also intensely protective and proud of their social and cultural heritage.
Santa Cruz has grown quickly and dramatically over the past 25 years (doubling its population during just the last 10 years). It is a vibrant, exciting region in which to
live
work, and
volunteer
There are always many
things to do
Here you can actively enjoy and experience its long, rich history while participating in its phenomenal growth and modernization. Despite its ethnic diversity, cruceños are proud of their traditions and culture and this is reflected greatly in the local
cuisine,
holidays, festivals, the arts... and in a little word you'll need to learn if you plan to spend some time here..."Eláy!" Pronounced "el-EYE!", it is used at the end of a sentence to firmly emphasize anything important you have to say, or just emphasize to show how strongly you feel about something, as in:
"Aaah...Santa Cruz" (look up dramatically, hand on your heart, take a deep breath) "Eláy!"
BEAUTIFUL MUSIC FROM EASTERN BOLIVIA
Pirai Vaca is one of the most famous Bolivian musicians worldwide. His ability with the guitar is amazing. He currently lives in Germany but continues to be admired and well-loved here. He is the son of the famous Bolivian painter Lorgio Vaca. This piece of music is called ALMA CRUCEÑA (Cruceña Soul).
Here, agriculture, animal husbandry and cattle ranching are the main industries, as are timber, mining, and exploration for oil and natural gas. Tourism has not been promoted as actively here as in Western Andean Bolivia and this is surprising given the amazing array of wonderful attractions, the beautiful balmy climate, and the hospitality of its people who are playfully known as "cambas" (a Guaraní word that means "friend"). However, tourist infrastructure is rapidly growing and there are many types of
The city was initially established in 1561 on the plains of Grigotá, just a few miles south of present-day San José de Chiquitos (and about 200 kilometers from its present location) by Spanish Captain Ñuflo de Chávez, who named the city after his birthplace in Spain. His biggest legacy was the expansion of colonization throughout virgin rainforest and savanna areas in southeastern South America (Argentina, Uruguay, parts of Brazil, and Bolivia). 
In the Southeast there are several mines, such as the Mutún iron and manganese mine (one of the largest iron ore mines in the world) which produces over 100,000 tons of steel per year. The Colorado River is mined intensively for gold, and in the Chiquitos area there are mica, tin, silver, manganese, platinum, lead and gold mines as well. Other gems such as the ‘bolivianita’ (found in only one mine in the world and therefore unique to Bolivia - pictured here), emeralds, quartz, and ametrine are also mined here.
