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CHRISTMAS IN BOLIVIAIn Bolivia Christmas (Navidad) continues to be deeply religious, maintaining the original meaning and purpose of the holiday. Most families set up a “pesebre” (nativity scene) in their homes and churches usually have very large ones somewhere outside the main door. The word pesebre literally means "stable". Sometimes people call them "nacimientos" (nativity scenes). Some Nativity scenes, especially at churches, consist of animals, shepherds, angels, a manger and baby Jesus, Mary, Joseph and the Three Kings (Wisemen) placed atop a bed of moss or straw or inside a stable. Others use real sheep, donkeys, and people. Many are small plaster or wooden figurines. Some make very large manger scenes in their homes with dozens or even hundreds of figurines. 
Others, although originally a Peruvian artform, are very brightly painted plaster boxes called "retablos" shaped like an upright cross-section of a house, in which Mary, Joseph and the Wisemen, shepherds and animals are placed in the lower level, and the baby Jesus is placed in a manger in the top level of the house under the eaves. Some of these painted mangers have tiny toys and ornaments as well, as gifts to the baby Jesus. Sometimes gourds are hollowed out and painted brightly and the tiny toy nativity scene is placed inside. Paper maché is also used commonly to make colorful ornaments. However they are made, they are usually taken down on New Years Eve. Decorating the exterior of one's house is not customary here, nor is caroling from house to house. On Christmas Eve (Víspera de Navidad) church bells ring to call families to attend the “Misa del Gallo” a Catholic mass that takes place quite late at night, usually at midnight, and lasts possibly into the early morning (which explains the name: Mass of the Rooster). Families gather to feast together at midnight after Mass, others on Christmas Day. As these holidays takes place during the hottest time of year (summer in the Southern Hemisphere) meals usually feature picana, a soup made of chicken, beef, corn and spices that is eaten traditionally on Christmas. The table is also set with salads, roast pork or roast beef, and an abundance of tropical fruit. As Christmas takes place during the hottest summer month here in the Southern Hemisphere, the table is usually adorned with fresh flowers. At midnight the families toast with champagne or wine and eat taffy-filled wafer cookies called "turrón". Children sing "villancicos" - holiday songs. On Christmas morning it is customary to drink hot chocolate and eat "buñuelos" (a type of puff pastry drizzled with syrup). The “canastón” is another important holiday tradition. A large gift basket, it is given by employers to their employees on the day prior to taking their vacation. The canastón is a simple, but usually large, basket (sometimes a plastic washtub is used), filled with the basic food staples such as ketchup and mustard, bread, jam, crackers and cookies, sugar, rice, flour, and sometimes chocolates or candy. These canastones are almost never decorated, except for a clear plastic covering closed off with a large red bow. However, a “panetón” (a delicious traditional holiday sweetbread with raisins and nuts) and a bottle of “cidra” (sparkling cider, usually not alcoholic). The canastón is important. Although an annual bonus (called an “aguinaldo”) and an annual raise are both required by law, it may be the only time an employer gives an employee any other type of bonus or incentive. On New Years Eve the family gathers again, feasts at midnight and toasts with champagne. One peculiar tradition is that each person must eat 12 grapes at midnight. Families and friends do not exchange gifts on Christmas Eve or Day. In Bolivia, gifts are given to children on Epiphany on January 6th, Día de los Reyes (Day of the Kings or Wisemen). Children place their shoes outside the door with letters to the wisemen who fill them with candy and pastries at night. On January 6th the family takes "Baby Jesus" from their nativity scene to mass. Perhaps the most unusual thing about Christmas in Bolivia is that exactly at midnight, all through the city firecrackers are set off. It sounds more like the 4th of July or New Year's Eve in the U.S. and can last for up to half an hour. The sky also lights up with "mata suegras" (mother-in-law-killers) which are tiny sticks of dynamite, slightly larger (and probably more dangerous) than the more traditional tiny firecrackers. However, many families are slowly beginning to adopt the customs and traditions of the American and European cultures (such as eating turkey and stuffing, decorating a tree or the exterior of the house, or exchanging an abundance of gifts).
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