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PUBLIC EDUCATION IN BOLIVIAThe public education system in Bolivia is in a general state of disarray. Unfortunately, the government does not have sufficient funds to provide higher salaries for teachers, maintain and furnish schools and classrooms, or provide necessary supplies and meals equally to all students, and no public schools provide buses or any other form of transportation. Extra-curricular activities such as sports are virtually non-existent although most schools do promote social certain social gatherings and celebrate specific holidays. The government has a set public education curriculum that all public schools (called "colegios fiscales") must follow. Just a few years ago, a large educational reform program was initiated in an attempt to improve the quality of public education called the Reforma Educativa. Many changes were made to the state curriculum. In addition, this reform mandates certain minimal requirements to ensure schools in rural areas are given a fair shake, including an obligation for all university students preparing to be teachers to work in schools in rural or other underprivileged and marginalized areas (although this has rarely enforced). There has been progress, but in general, most public schools in both urban and rural areas are still very inadequate.
The government decides upon teaching salaries and these are dismal (averaging about $50.00 a month). Because of this, teachers quite frequently go on strike in an attempt to pressure the government to increase their pay. These strikes may last just a few hours or may last for weeks. As a result students get behind on their studies, and the school year is not lengthened to make up for time lost. Instead, teachers rush through the material not covered during these school closings in an attempt to keep up with the required state curriculum. Students often must repeat a grade, and their morale and motivation are very low (Photo below: Indymedia). In addition, even though they are public schools, parents must pay for their children to attend school, uniforms (required at all public schools), books, supplies and materials not provided by the state. Some families can hardly afford to send their kids to school and when teachers go on strike and students suffer the consequences, there are quite frequently confrontations between parents and teachers. Repeating a grade is costly to a family. There is a very high drop-out rate throughout the public education system. Meals are not provided either at the schools. This is also a great disservice to the students as eventually, when they want to get into a state university, they will have to pass difficult entrance exams and many do not qualify. Fewer than 50% of all students who take these exams pass them. Each state university also has a maximum number of students that can be admitted each year (depending on how much room the university has physically); therefore, even if students do pass state entrance exams, a percentage of these will not be admitted into the university until there is room for them. The great majority of the population cannot afford to send their kids to private universities and access to a public education is very competitive. University professors also go on strike frequently, but their reasons vary from time to time. Most of the time they join in political manifestations in support or rejection of a particular government proposal. Many state university professors and rectors obtain their positions through a personal recommendation or favor (usually from someone of their same political party) and therefore, are obligated to join in demonstrations or strikes led by their particular political party as well, even if the cause has nothing to do with the university. Worse yet, most of the time university students join in these demonstrations, either by choice (university students are very politically active and motivated) or by obligation. Several of my friends who’ve attended state universities have told me that their professors threatened to lower their grades or even not give them a passing grade if they didn’t join in these protests. Professors take roll before and after the demonstration and students who do not participate are not allowed to take tests sometimes. Universities are often closed for hours, days or weeks at a time as well. Students and teachers block roads, burn piles of tires (filling the environment with thick toxic black smoke), and in some cases, have gotten into confrontations that have resulted in violent riots on city streets. Traffic and public transportation are halted and businesses and stores are damaged and lose business. This is a very sad situation for students who cannot afford any other university and for the public in general.
In rural areas, getting a good public education is an even greater challenge and private schools are non-existent altogether. Many schools are quite literally falling apart (roofs or walls caving in). Some have no windows, light, desks, restrooms, or running water. (See the photo I took above). It is very difficult to convince teachers to take positions in rural areas, although the government requires all new teachers to work their first 2 years in a rural school (under the government of Evo Morales, this is being changed to 5 years). Teachers who do not teach in rural schools will not get jobs in urban schools. Some of the schools are very difficult to access, in fact students and teachers often walk very long distances due to the lack of roads, or the poor condition of roads. Students at these schools may have no supplies at all and there is an incredibly high drop-out rate. In rural areas many children do not advance beyond the 2nd or 3rd grade. In addition, because families in these areas are so poor, many parents simply do not allow their children to go to school as they are needed more urgently at home where they work in the fields, do the housekeeping while their parents are working, or provide the family’s childcare. Add to this the gender disparity - it is considered "unnecessary" to educate women and girls in many rural (and urban) areas. The current socialist government is taking some steps it believes will lead to the provision of better quality public education in both rural and urban areas. President Morales is highly influenced by Fidel Castro of Cuba and Hugo Chavez of Venezuela and is attempting to model Bolivia’s public education system (schools and universities) after the socialist systems in these countries. His government also attempted to completely do away with private schools altogether (as in Cuba) stating that all students should have access to the same level of education; however, a large part of the population so far has protested this forcefully. Many believe that obligating private schools to conform to public education norms will not increase the quality of education, but rather greatly decrease it (bring everyone down to a lower level or education rather than allowing some the opportunity for a higher level of education). This caused much confusion among the public and in fact, protests were so strong, the government issued the following letter to appease the population on 29 June 2007 indicating that the private school system will remain intact and that the government respects the rights of parents to decide where their children will be educated.
It will be interesting and very important to follow the news on this issue as changes are occurring constantly that could affect your education or that of your child. Various non-profit organizations (NGOs) have been working for years in rural areas with the public education system and curriculum, raising the necessary funds to build new schools, remodel existing ones, maintain buildings and classrooms, build restrooms, provide running water, and purchase furniture and materials. Several of these organizations also raise funds for community projects such as water pumps or latrines, drainage systems, solar panels for power, and community gardens the students and their parents cultivate, providing food for the families. I've personally visited many of these communities and schools and the contributions these organizations make to both education and health is enormous!!!! In most schools the education level is much higher and drop-out rates are much lower than at state schools that do not receive foreign aid. Other NGOs provide vocational training, business administration skills, product marketing and micro-credit programs to help parents, families and entire communities become self-sustaining. In general, the schools built and maintained by these organizations are in very good condition and have greatly improved access to educational opportunities for rural children. However, constant changes in government officials and authorities make it very hard for them to advance in their work as new authorities often disregard agreements that had been established and signed by the predecessors and the NGOs must start all over again each time new employees and officials are assigned to certain posts. This situation severely delays the incredible good they can do in schools that are otherwise practically abandoned by the system.
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